Exploring the Healthcare and Socio-economic Challenges Confronted by Retired Employees in Karachi

Authors

  • Tooba Naseer Ahmed

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62843/jssr.v5i1.473

Keywords:

Retirement Challenges, Geriatric Healthcare, Pension Security, Socioeconomic Well-being

Abstract

This study explores the healthcare and socio-economic challenges that retired employees face in Karachi, Pakistan. Using a mixed-methods approach, it combines quantitative data analysis through SPSS with qualitative insights to gain a deeper understanding of these complex issues. The research aims to identify key challenges, test relevant hypotheses, and offer practical recommendations. Data was gathered through surveys and interviews, then analyzed using frequency and percentage calculations, along with chi-square tests to examine relationships between variables. The findings highlight major concerns such as limited access to healthcare, financial instability, and social isolation. Based on these insights, the study provides recommendations for policymakers, healthcare providers, and community organizations to help improve the well-being of retired individuals.

References

AHMAD, R., Mi, H., Keyao, R., Khan, K., & Navid, K. (2018). Aging and social security system in Pakistan: policy challenges, opportunities, and role of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Educational gerontology, 44(9), 537-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2018.1488382

Asian Development Bank. (2014). Urban poverty in Asia. Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/59778/urban-poverty-asia.pdf

Atchley, R. C. (1989). A continuity theory of normal aging. The gerontologist, 29(2), 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/29.2.183

Atchley, R. C. (1999). Continuity and adaptation in aging: Creating positive experiences. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Barr, N., & Diamond, P. (2018). Reforming pensions: Principles and policy choices. Oxford

University Press.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and

design. Harvard University Press.

Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A

theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165-181. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165

Chand, M. (2018). Aging in South Asia: challenges and opportunities. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 7(2), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-09-2017-0103

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and

mixed methods approach (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Cumming, E., & Henry, W. E. (1961). Growing old: The process of disengagement. Basic

Books.

Gaspar, V., Amaglobeli, D., Garcia-Escribano, M., Prady, D., & Soto, M. (2020). Fiscal

policy and development: Human, social, and physical investments for the SDGs.

International Monetary Fund.

Havighurst, R. J. (1961). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 1(1), 8-13. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1093/geront/1.1.8

Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316

International Labour Organization. (2020). Social protection for older persons: Policy trends and statistics 2020. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/WCMS.html

Kumar, R. (2019). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners (5th ed.).

SAGE Publications.

MUHAMMAD, Q., Eiman, H., Fazal, F., Ibrahim, M., & Gondal, M. F. (2023). Healthcare in Pakistan: Navigating Challenges and Building a Brighter Future. Cureus, 15(6), e40218. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40218

Naeem, S. B., & Bhatti, R. (2016). Barriers in seeking health information from primary healthcare facilities in Pakistan. Information Development, 32(4), 1014-1026. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666915583919

National Council on Aging. (2023). 80% of older adults face financial insecurity. Retrieved from https://www.ncoa.org/article/80-percent-of-older-adults-face-financial-insecurity

Nishtar, S., Boerma, T., Amjad, S., Alam, A. Y., Khalid, F., ul Haq, I., & Mirza, Y. A. (2019). Pakistan’s health system: Performance and prospects after the 18th Constitutional Amendment. The Lancet, 393(10168), 2193-2206. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60019-7

Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. (2021). Fiscally Sustainable Pensions in Pakistan. https://file.pide.org.pk/pdfpideresearch/fiscally-sustainable-pensions-in-pakistan.pdf

Qidwai, W., Ashfaq, T. (2011). Elderly patients and their health in Pakistan: current status, issues, challenges and opportunities. Journal of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, 10(3), 100-101. http://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_fam_med/68

Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students (8th

ed.). Pearson.

Siddiqui, N. U. (2012). Urbanization and Its Impact on Family: A Survey of People Migrated in Last Twenty Years, From Rural Area to be Settled in Karachi. Bahria Journal of Professional Psychology, 11(2), 4-31. https://bjpp.bahria.edu.pk/index.php/BJPP/article/view/94

UN-Habitat. (2020). World Cities Report 2020: The value of sustainable urbanization. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. https://unhabitat.org/world-cities-report-2020-the-value-of-sustainable-urbanization

United Nations. (2019). World population ageing 2019: Highlights. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/ageing.pdf

World Bank. (2017). Global monitoring report 2017: Financial inclusion and development. World Bank. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/259817/9789241513555-eng.pdf

World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Global report on ageing and health. WHO

Press. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565042

World Health Organization. (2015). World report on ageing and health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565042

World Health Organization. (2019). Tracking universal health coverage: 2019 global monitoring report. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564977

World Health Organization. (2020). Pakistan: Health financing profile. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/338973

Zaidi, A., & Morgan, S. P. (2017). The well-being of older people in ageing societies: A comparison of Pakistan and China. Ageing International, 42(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-016-9269-z

Downloads

Published

2025-03-07

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Exploring the Healthcare and Socio-economic Challenges Confronted by Retired Employees in Karachi. (2025). Journal of Social Sciences Review, 5(1), 128-136. https://doi.org/10.62843/jssr.v5i1.473