Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Command and Control Systems (NC2): Assessing Cold- War Paradigm

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly permeating critical decision-making domains, including nuclear command and control (NC2) systems. This study examines the strategic and ethical dimensions of AI integration into NC2 structures, emphasizing its potential to enhance decision-making speed, accuracy, and resilience while mitigating human cognitive limitations. The research introduces the concept of "Intelligentization Syndrome," a theoretical framework explaining resistance to AI adoption in high-risk environments. By contextualizing historical technological resistance and contemporary AI-related anxieties, the study identifies key psychological and structural barriers to AI symbiosis with NC2 systems. Furthermore, it evaluates different AI integration models—human-in-the-loop, human-on-the-loop, and human-out-of-the-loop—highlighting the advantages of a human-on-the-loop configuration as a balanced approach that leverages AI’s computational strengths while preserving human oversight. The study concludes that a phased and regulated AI integration strategy, complemented by robust ethical frameworks and safety measures, is essential to harness AI’s potential without compromising strategic stability.