Effects of Methamphetamine Withdrawal on the Psychological and Physiological Condition of Addicts

Authors

  • Sameer Ul Khaliq Jan
  • Hamid Alam
  • Ayub Khan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v2i3.90

Keywords:

Methamphetamine, Psychological, Physiological, Withdrawal Effects

Abstract

The current study aims to analyze the withdrawal effects (i.e. psychological and physiological) of methamphetamine on addicts in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. A sample of 180 methamphetamine users was interviewed through an interview schedule by snowball sampling technique. For testing the association between an independent variable (i.e. methamphetamine withdrawal) and dependent variables (i.e. psychological and physiological effects) a Chi-square test was administered. The result illustrates that most of them were youngsters up to 30 years of age, and males and single populations were more exposed to the drug. A significant association were found between methamphetamine/ice withdrawal and psychological effects and physiological effects i.e. fatigue, craving, aggression, depression, irritability, lethargy, poor concentration, sleepiness disorder, psychosis/ hallucinations, loss of pleasure, physical weakness, headaches body pain, watery eyes, runny nose, fatigue, lethargy, dry mouth, diarrhoea and body temperature. The study establishes that methamphetamine/ice is a toxic stimulant drug when a person uses it regularly he/she will face multiple psychological and physical effects when they want to withdraw. The study recommends that government should aware the mass about the toxicity of the drug through mass media and social media and arrange seminars in academic institutions and communities.

Author Biography

  • Sameer Ul Khaliq Jan

     

     

References

Boeri, M. W., Gibson, D., & Harbry, L. (2009). Cold cook methods: An ethnographic exploration on the myths of methamphetamine production and policy implications. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20(5), 438-443.

Brecht M. L., Herbeck, D. (2014): Time to relapse following treatment for methamphetamine use: a long-term perspective on patterns and predictors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 139, 18-25.

Courtney K. E., Ray L. A. (2014): Methamphetamine: an update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 143, 11-21.

Darke S., Kaye S., McKetin R., Duflou, (2008): Major physical and psychological harms of methamphetamine use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 27(3), 253-262.

Gabrovec B. (2015): The prevalence of methamphetamine, MDMA and new drugs among opiate addicts on Agonist Opioid Treatment. Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl; 17(4): 69-76

Hussong, A.M. (2002). Differentiating peer contexts and risk for adolescent substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 13(3):207–220.

Jan, S. U. K., Alam, H., & Khan, A. (2021). An Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Methamphetamine/ ice use in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Global sociological Review, VI(I), 111-118. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2021(VI-I).15

Jan, S. U. K., Khan, R., Asad, A.Z. & Khan, A. (2021). Socio-Economic Effects of Methamphetamine on the Addicts: A Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Society, Education and Language, 7 (1), 204-14.

Jan, S.U.K., Ali, A., Alam, H., Niqab, M., Shakoor, A., Begum, A. & Khan, A. (2020). Impact of Methamphetamine on the Psychological and Physiological Conditions of Addicts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 14 (7), 1419-30.

Jan, S.U.K., Ali, A., Niqab, M., & Iqbal, S. (2022). Causes of initiation of methamphetamine use in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A qualitative study. [published online ahead of print, 2022 July 28] Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions., DOI: 10.5152/ ADDICTA.2022.22030.

Khazaie C., Jalali A., Jozani Y., Moradi S., Heydarpour F., Khaledi-Paveh B. (2016): Comparative study on sleep quality and disorders in opiate and methamphetamine users. Heroin Addict Related Clinical Problems; 18(6): 21-28.

Klasser G.D., Epstein J. (2005): Methamphetamine and its impact on dental care. J Can Dent Assoc, 71(10):759-62.

Klasser, G. D., & Epstein, J. (2005). Methamphetamine and its impact on dental care. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, 71(10).

Kothari C.R. (2004): Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age International. 1, 38.

Mancino M.J., Gentry B.W., Feldman Z., Mendelson J., Oliveto A. (2011): Characterizing methamphetamine withdrawal in recently abstinent methamphetamine users: A pilot field study. American J of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 37, 131–136.

Maxwell J. C. (2006): Methamphetamine: Epidemiological and Research Implications for the Legal Field. NDL Rev., 82, 11-21.

McKetin R., Kelly E., McLaren J. (2006): The relationship between crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85(3), 198-204.

McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Kelly, E., & McKetin, R. (2005). The Sydney methamphetamine market: Patterns of supply, use, personal harms and social consequences. National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund.

NIDA. (2009). Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide, 2nd addition. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (Publication No. 09–4180).

Parks, L., & Jack, M. (2006). Methamphetamines in Alberta: A Focus on Children, Youth and Families. Alberta Centre for Child, Family & Community Research.

Rose, M. E. & Grant J. E. (2008). Pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine dependence: a review of the pathophysiology of methamphetamine addiction and the theoretical basis and efficacy of pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 20(3), 145-155.

Sadock B.J., Sadock V.A. (2009): Kaplan and Sadok's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lipincott Wiliams & Wikins, 1, 45.

Saul, D. (2005). Western Canadian Summit on methamphetamine: bringing together practitioners, policy makers and researchers: consensus panel report. Vancouver, BC: Vancouver Coastal Health. 1–48.

Shetty, V., Mooney, L. J., Zigler, C. M., Belin, T. R., Murphy D. & Rawson, R. (2010). The relationship between methamphetamine use and increased dental disease. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 141(3), 307-318.

U.S. Census Bureau (2004) U.S. Trade Quick-Reference Tables: December 2003 Imports. Presented by Office of Trade and Economic Analysis, International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce Retrieved from http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/industry/otea/Trade-Detail/Latest-December/Imports/29/293942.html

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2011). "Amphetamines and Ecstasy - 2011 Global ATS Assessment," Vienna: UNODC, 98.

Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, (2nd Ed.), New York: Harper and Row

Downloads

Published

2022-09-30

How to Cite

Effects of Methamphetamine Withdrawal on the Psychological and Physiological Condition of Addicts. (2022). Journal of Social Sciences Review, 2(3), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v2i3.90