Journal of Social Sciences Review (JSSR) is a Multidisciplinary peer-reviewed research journal. It aims to disseminate scientific information, high-quality research and spark discussion on Social Sciences (Miscellaneous) current issues.
Nishtar Degree College and School System
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Agricultural Value Added in Pakistan: Roles of FDI, Technological Innovation, Employment, and Renewable Energy Consumption
Agriculture value added is a key aspect for agrarian economies like Pakistan. This research examines the state of agriculture value added in the presence of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), technological innovation, employment in the agriculture sector, and usage of renewable energy. The data was collected from 1990 to 2025. The analysis is done by using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The results confirm that FDI and technological innovation positively affect agriculture value added in Pakistan. Of renewable energy, the results are surprisingly negative. The policy option is to ensure a consistent flow of FDI and a productive usage of technology for better agricultural productivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Copyright in the Journal of Social Sciences Review is retained by the author(s). Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Diabetes Distress and Self‑efficacy on Quality of Life Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is a prevalent chronic condition that significantly impacts both the physical and psychological well-being of patients. Using a purposive sampling technique, data were collected from patients (N = 300) from various public and private clinics and hospitals in Rawalpindi, Peshawar, and Islamabad. Along with demographic information, the Urdu version of the Diabetes Distress Scale (Yousaf et al., 2014), the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (Tabbassum et al., 2003), and WHOBREF (Khan et al., 2003) were used to assess diabetes distress, self-efficacy, and quality of life, respectively. Cronbach's alpha reliabilities for all the scales and subscales were satisfactory. To investigate the predictors of quality of life, multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Results showed that self-efficacy positively predicts quality of life, while diabetes distress negatively predicts quality of life.
Climbing the Academic Ladder: The Role of Grit and Parental Education in Student Achievement
Education plays an important role in the development of individuals and future success. Beyond cognitive skills, noncognitive skills like grit, perseverance, and persistent effort are recognized to be essential for academic success. Family background and student opportunities, motivation, learning, and even parental educational level, have an impact on students. The current study investigated the relationship of parental educational attainment, grit, and academic Success in Pakistani university students. The study was conducted using Duckworth's Grit Theory and Vygotsky's Social Development Theory as a theoretical framework. The study sought to evaluate the predictive and moderating functions of grit in mediating family background and academic success. Data were gathered from 200 first-year university students in public and private universities via purposive sampling. Standardized scales used were the Grit 12-Item Scale, Statistics Canada Educational Attainment Scale, and Academic Performance Questionnaire. Outcomes identified a strong positive association between grit and academic success, and parental education had no direct correlation with the academic success of students. Regression analysis validated grit as a highly predictive outcome of academic success, accounting for unique variance over demographic variables and parental education attainment. Moderation analysis demonstrated that grit was not a significant moderator of the relationship between parental education attainment and student academic success. Differences based on gender occurred, with male students showing higher scores in grit, whereas female students reported improved performance in academics. These findings highlight the importance of noncognitive attributes such as grit in predicting academic success, independent of parental background.
Emotion Regulation and Reactive-Proactive Aggression among Generation Alpha Students: Preparing for Board Examinations
Generation Alpha, generally defined as individuals born between 2010 and 2024, represents the first cohort to be raised entirely within a digitally integrated environment. As many members of this generation approach significant academic milestones, including school and board examinations, they encounter unique developmental and educational challenges. In the present study, the aim was to examine the relationship between emotion regulation and reactive-proactive aggression among Generation Alpha, preparing for the board examination, by using a cross-sectional research design. Purposive sampling technique was utilized by targeting 9th Grade 13-15 years old boys/girls (N=150) preparing for the board examination. Self-Report measures include: Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (Gullone & Taffe, 2012) and Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (Raine et al., 2006) were used for data collection. Analysis of Spearman correlation indicated a positive correlation between emotion regulation and reactive-proactive aggression. Cognitive reappraisal showed a positive correlation with reactive aggression but a negligible correlation with proactive aggression. Expressive suppression depicts a positive correlation with proactive aggression, whereas it shows a weak relationship with reactive aggression. However, gender differences for emotion regulation among boys and girls displayed no significant differences, whereas, in reactive-proactive aggression, boys (M=93.86) showed higher scores than girls (M=59.44; U=2610.00, p=.472). This study highlights the importance of promoting emotion regulation skills among students preparing for board examinations. School psychologists, counselors, and mental health professionals may work on emotion regulation skills as part of an intervention designed to reduce aggressive behavior and improve emotional adjustment among Generation Alpha.
Impact of Green Supply Chain and Green Innovation on Business Performance and Environmental Sustainability
This paper examines how Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is relevant to enhancing company performance and environmental sustainability in Pakistani industries. The study is conducted using a quantitative and cross-sectional research design, and primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 200 participants working in various industrial sectors in Pakistan. Analysis of the responses was done using SmartPLS 4, with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. The results of the measurement model established that the constructs were within the required standards of reliability, validity and collinearity. The structural results revealed that GSCM was positively related to business performance, environmental sustainability and green innovation. The findings also revealed that green innovation positively impacted business and environmental performance. The strongest overall relationship was between GSCM and environmental sustainability, whereas the model fit was reasonable, with an SRMR value of 0.065. In general, the results indicate that GSCM is not only helpful in improving the environment, but also acts as an organisational capability that can promote innovation and business development. The research adds empirical evidence from Pakistan and provides practical implications for managers and policymakers who want to enhance sustainability and organisational performance simultaneously.
Consumer Acceptance of E-Pharmacy Services: Examining the Mediating Effect of Consumer Trust
The study examines how brand credibility and perceived risk affect e-pharmacy acceptance among consumers. The study specifically investigates how consumer trust functions as a mediator between these two variables. A quantitative cross-sectional research design was adapted using validated measurement scales to create a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from 385 respondents who had previous e-pharmacy experience in Pakistan through purposive and snowball sampling methods. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to assess both direct effects and mediation effects. The results indicate that brand credibility positively influences consumer trust, while perceived risk significantly affects trust formation. Consumer trust functions as the main predictor of e-pharmacy acceptance, while it operates as the essential link between brand credibility and perceived risk and consumer acceptance. The findings demonstrate that trust functions as the bridge between cognitive evaluations and behavioral intention in high-risk digital healthcare environments. The research creates a trust-based mediation framework that expands current healthcare technology adoption models through its implementation. The study reveals how consumers make decisions through psychological mechanisms that exist beyond direct effects.
Marital Adjustment, Perceived Social Support, and Marital Satisfaction in Young Married Working Women
This study aims to investigate the relationship between marital adjustment and perceived social support with marital satisfaction in young married working women living in nuclear and joint family groups. A sample of 150 married working women between the ages of 25 and 40 was recruited from educational institutions and organizations across Lahore. Of them, 75 were from nuclear families and 75 were from joint families. Cross sectional survey was conducted to collect data by administering research questionnaire which included demographic information, Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS; Busby et al., 1995), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS; Zimet et al., 1988) and Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI-16; Funk & Rogge, 2007). The findings of Pearson correlation showed that the duration of marriage showed a significant negative correlation with both perceived social support and marital satisfaction in the sample. Moreover, hierarchical regression analysis indicated that perceived social support emerged as the most significant predictor of marital satisfaction, while perceived social support and marital adjustment jointly explained a substantial proportion of total variance in marital satisfaction. Among the subscales of perceived social support, significant other support emerged as the strongest predictor of marital satisfaction, and friends support was also a significant predictor of marital satisfaction. An independent sample t-test showed no significant differences between nuclear and joint family women on any of the study variables. The study mentions the importance of enhancing spousal support and relational quality through targeted interventions and psychoeducational programs to improve marital satisfaction among married working women.
Linguistic Redemption: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Brand Apologies on Social Media in the Age of Cancel Culture
In a social media-driven world where sentiments quickly form and spread online, the corporate apology has become an essential tool for safeguarding the brand's reputation and mitigating a crisis. This study examines the impact of the "cancel culture" movement on multinational corporations by examining public apologies made over the past six years on X and Instagram platforms. The study employs Critical Discourse Analysis and Media Affordance Theory to examine the language of these apologies in terms of tone, structural options, and the manifestation of blame and responsibility. It also highlights the impact on the brand's accountability and public trust. The research emphasizes the public's construction and interpretation of each platform in light of the affordances it offers. In the study, the researchers identify a recurring set of rhetorical strategies that are employed to restore consumers' trust in the following four cases of apologies drawn from distinct industries. This study explores the linguistic strategies and the engagement of the audience and shows that there's a core tension between the need of the public to demand accountability and the need of the company to minimise damage. Overall, the research is able to strengthen the understanding of the corporate discourse on social media by highlighting specific communicative strategies that help to build a meaningful user engagement in order to maintain in a world of online reactivity.
Students' Perception of their Teachers' Classroom Teaching and Assessment Practices in Army Public Schools of Lahore
Focusing on the growing demand for evidence-based teaching and transparent evaluation in secondary schools, the present study examined the perception of secondary-level students of Army Public Schools (APSs) towards their classroom teaching and assessment practices. It builds on the belief that students' voices are important as a gauge of the quality and equity of instruction. A quantitative survey design was used to collect the students' perceptions at one time. Using the proportionate stratified sampling technique, 340 students (182 from Grade 9 and 158 from Grade 10) were selected from five APS campuses. Data were collected through a self-constructed Students' Perception Scale (SPS) comprising 42 items across two domains: 23 on classroom teaching practices and 19 on assessment practices. The instrument was reviewed by experts for content validity, piloted with 40 students to refine clarity, and demonstrated strong internal consistency. The study aimed to determine the level of students' perception of their teachers' classroom teaching practices, to find out students' perception regarding assessment practices employed by their teachers, and to examine grade-level differences in students' perceptions. Findings revealed high ratings for teachers' professional skills, teaching methods, improvement in students' skills, summative assessment, and results and feedback, but lower scores for student‑teacher relations, monitoring and evaluation, classroom discipline, placement, and formative and diagnostic assessments. Perceptions of Grade 9 students remained slightly higher than those of Grade 10 students. The study highlights how students' perceptions can help school leaders strengthen teaching practices, rebalance assessment systems, and foster an equitable and motivating learning environment.
Autonomy and Academic Dishonesty: Exploring the Mediating Role of Trust in ChatGPT
The integration of AI tools like ChatGPT in higher education has sparked worries about academic honesty and reliance on AI. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT in educational settings has created concerns about academic integrity and dependency on AI. This research explored the relationship between autonomy and academic dishonesty as a mediator in the relationship between trust in ChatGPT. The research design used in this study was quantitative with a cross sectional design. Data were collected from 230 researchers working in educational institutes in Karachi and Islamabad, Pakistan through standardized questionnaires. The results show that there are strong positive correlations between academic dishonesty and autonomy (r = 0.98, p &lt; .01), and between trust in ChatGPT and autonomy (r = 0.90, p &lt; .01). Trust in ChatGPT is positively correlated with academic dishonesty (r = 0.95, p &lt; 0.01) and partially mediated the relationship between autonomy and academic dishonesty. The results indicated that promoting independence and academic freedom might help curb academic dishonesty by minimizing excessive use of AI tools. The study emphasizes the need for self-directed learning and ethical utilization of AI in universities.
Social Exclusion, Informal Urbanization, and Heatwave Vulnerability: Understanding Public Health Risks among Slum Populations
Rapid urbanization and rising global temperatures have increased the exposure of marginalized urban populations to extreme heat events, particularly within informal settlements lacking adequate infrastructure and public services. This qualitative study explored how social exclusion and informal urbanization shape heatwave vulnerability and public health risks among slum populations. Using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and community narratives, the study examined the lived experiences of residents residing in densely populated informal settlements affected by recurring heatwaves and environmental stress. The findings revealed that inadequate housing conditions, overcrowding, poor ventilation, limited access to clean water, and insufficient healthcare services significantly increased residents’ exposure to heat-related illnesses and psychological distress. Social exclusion further intensified vulnerability, as economically disadvantaged groups lacked access to cooling resources, formal social protection systems, and climate-responsive urban planning initiatives. Women, elderly individuals, outdoor laborers, and children were identified as the most vulnerable groups facing severe physical exhaustion, dehydration, sleep disturbances, and anxiety during extreme heat conditions. The study also found that communities relied heavily on informal coping mechanisms, including shared water access, temporary shelter arrangements, altered work schedules, and neighborhood support networks to manage heat stress. However, these adaptive strategies remained limited due to persistent poverty and weak institutional support. The study concludes that heatwave vulnerability in informal urban settlements is deeply connected to structural inequality and environmental injustice. The findings highlight the urgent need for inclusive urban governance, climate-responsive public health policies, and socially equitable adaptation strategies to protect marginalized urban populations from escalating climate-related health risks.
Impact of Disruptive Technological Innovation on Consumer Behavior
This paper considers how disruptive technological innovation affects consumer behavior, in the light of the increasing need to know how emotional and cognitive aspects of decision-making influence technology-driven decision-making. Structured survey was used as a measureable, cross-sectional investigation design to gather the data of digital consumers. The study used the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesized conceptual framework, with mediation and moderation effects of major constructs. The results reveal that attitude (β = 0.385, p < 0.001), trust (β = 0.290, p < 0.001), and perceived value (β = 0.202, p < 0.05) significantly influence behavioral intention, which strongly predicts consumer behavior (β = 0.859, p < 0.001). Perceived novelty and enjoyment are significant indirectly, whereas perceived usefulness is not that significant. The moderating result of digital literacy was create to be not important. The research is valuable as it combines TAM, TPB, and SOR into a single framework and emphasizes the prevalence of emotion-based motivation over functionality considerations. It offers useful considerations on how to create and design interactive, trust-based online experiences and recommends research on other moderators.
Poverty, Parental Influence, and School Enrolment: A Study of Gender Differences
The effect of poverty, parental influence and school enrolment is explored and the gender difference in school going children in Pakistan is studied. Using a quantitative cross sectional survey design, a sample of 400 public and private school students from both urban and rural areas was selected through stratified random sampling technique. A five point likert scale was used to rate economic conditions, parental attitudes and decision making and enrolment patterns by gender using structured questionnaires. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent-simple t-test and multiple regression analysis in SPSS. Results show that poverty has a strong negative effect on school enrolment and parents' influence a strong positive effect. Gender disparities were significant; barriers to enrolment were greater for girls and the impact of poverty was greater for female students. The effect of economic hardships on enrolment was partially mediated by parental attitudes and decision-making, especially with respect to girls' enrolment. The study concludes that poverty reduction strategies need to be supported by specific interventions to raise awareness of parents, while taking into account gender-based disparities in education.
Children’s Lived Emotional Experiences of COVID-19 Lockdown Insights from Arts-Based Qualitative Study
Children have been especially vulnerable to the emotional impact of a large-scale crisis like an infectious disease outbreak. Events like the COVID-19 pandemic can disrupt day-to-day life, relationships, and sense of stability for children, and impact their mental health and wellbeing. This study aimed to explore how children in Pakistan experienced and made sense of their emotional wellbeing during the COVID-19 lockdown, using an arts-based qualitative approach that combined drawing with reflective diary writing. An arts-based qualitative approach design was used for this study. With parental consent, 23 children (11 boys and 12 girls) aged between 9 to 15 years participated; each had been home confined a minimum of 1 month. They were all provided with a drawing pad, diary and drawing tools and asked to document their thoughts, emotions and moods each day for a period of two weeks. They shared experiences in writing and drawing about loneliness, anxiety, sadness, and changes in attitudes and conduct. Focus group discussions were later held to understand their interpretations and meanings regarding their drawings and expressed thoughts. Children reported emotional stressors during lockdown, including fear of infection, loneliness, sadness, and ongoing worry. The virus was seen as a silent threat, creating uncertainty and insecurity. Loss of routine and limited social interaction worsened experiences, though children also showed resilience supported by family ties, parenting, creativity, and helping behaviors. The results indicate children faced emotional stressors like fear, loneliness, sadness, and worry during lockdown, seeing the virus as a silent threat. Routine loss worsened insecurity, yet resilience emerged through family ties, supportive parenting, creativity, and helping behaviors.
Through Their Eyes: Exploring the Lived Experiences of Mothers Raising Children with Intellectual Disabilities
This phenomenological study examines the lived experiences of Pakistani mothers raising children with intellectual disabilities (ID) through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to uncover emotional, social, financial, and psychological dimensions. Five participants, aged 18 to 55, were intentionally chosen using non-probability methods. Verbatim transcription was used, audio recording, and inductive analysis of semi-structured interview data to identify the main themes: Emotional resilience (spiritual coping from the Quran, personal growth); social impact/family dynamics (stigma as bad parents, threats of divorce, absence of a spouse, sibling rivalry); emotional challenges (diagnostic shock/denial, chronic anxiety from relying on kids, mother depression/exhaustion); financial issues and resource constraints (therapy costs versus low income, career sacrifice, lack of ID services in Pakistan, barriers to urban travel); and coping strategies and awareness gaps (limited NGO access, home routines, self-education, cultural myths of ID as punishment, need for mother-training workshops). These results address all objectives and research inquiries by elucidating real-life narratives, enduring social and personal disruptions, systemic obstacles, mental health expenditures, and adaptive mechanisms. Mothers show a lot of stress because of cultural stigma and lack of resources, but mothers also show faith-driven resilience. To lessen the burden on mothers and improve the health of families, the findings support immediate interventions in Pakistan, such as campaigns to raise awareness of stigma, telehealth services in rural areas, subsidized therapies, workshops for mothers that focus on coping, family support groups, and policy changes to make ID services more fair.
From Filters to Feelings: A Qualitative Exploration of Self-Image and Emotional Experience among Snapchat Users
The qualitative study was conducted with purpose to explore self-image and emotional experiences among Snapchat users. Snapchat launched in 2011 as mobile application stands out as a social media platform which provides distinctive avenue for self-expression. Literature showed influence of Snapchat use on individual’s self-image, perception, psychological and emotional wellbeing and experience. In current research semi-structured interviews were conducted from 15 regular Snapchat Users (N=15). Ten women (n=10) and five men (n=05) between age 18 to 35 were informed and briefed about the purpose of conducting this study. Thematic analysis conducted. Majority of respondents reported that use of this app and applying filters has impact on their self-image while few reported no impact. Similarly participants explored significant emotional experiences by using this app. They reported effect of Snapchat filters use on their mood, confidence, self-esteem and emotional reactions. Subjects also talked about purpose to use this app like spending time, taking snaps with filters, location spy, making streaks with friends, social connections, snap points etc. Respondents explored that use of Snapchat filters raise the beauty standards and also leads to stress. Subjects mentioned about filtered and unfiltered images are different and posting such images can increase their concerns what other might be thinking about them. Participants reported that with time they may lose interest and its responsibility of user to use this app carefully. This study will aim to contribute to the existing literature on exploring self-image and emotional experiences are affected by Snapchat, specifically in Pakistani culture and society.
Core-Curriculum Objectives and Assessment Practices: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Elementary Schools of District, Dera Ismail Khan
With a focus on how advancements in cognitive science have changed our understanding of assessment, this research examines the connections between curriculum, teaching, and assessment. Since instructors have witnessed pupils struggle to apply classroom abilities outside of the classroom, traditional paper-and-pencil examinations are increasingly viewed as being out of step with active learning. In order to address classroom issues at the primary level, the research sought to create an outcome-based core curriculum, beginning with a clear vision and learning outcomes. Additionally, it concentrated on identifying the assistance that students with disabilities need to participate in general education and making the core curriculum accessible to them. Head teachers' and elementary school teachers' opinions suggested that the core curriculum was useful for formative assessment. 50% of head teachers and 42% of instructors in public schools strongly agreed, compared to 53% and 73.3% in private schools. The null hypothesis was accepted as the investigation revealed no discernible difference in the opinions of stakeholders in public and private schools. The study concludes by highlighting the importance of an outcome-based curriculum and the necessity of ensuring that children with impairments are included. Similar stakeholder attitudes across public and private elementary schools are revealed, and the relevance of the core curriculum in formative evaluation is highlighted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright in the Journal of Social Sciences Review is retained by the author(s). Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Institutional Contexts as Predictors of Transferable Skills Development among Pakistani Undergraduates
Across the globe, universities emphasize transferable skills development and equip learners with the multidimensional capabilities needed to navigate contemporary workplace demands. Transferable skills are defined as generic skills or cross‑contextual proficiencies that include communication, problem‑solving, analytical, critical, creative and innovative thinking, teamwork, interpersonal, and self‑directed learning skills. This study aims to assess institutional context variables as predictors of transferable skills development among undergraduates. A causal‑comparative research design was employed. Using a stratified random sampling technique, 597 undergraduates enrolled in three public sector universities of Sindh province, Pakistan completed the survey questionnaires. Descriptive findings indicate that learners demonstrated below‑average levels of transferable skills in analytical and critical skills, teamwork and interpersonal skills, academic communication skills, creative thinking and innovation skills, and self‑directed learning skills. Furthermore, institutional factors such as university context, departmental affiliation, year of study, and residential status emerged as significant predictors of transferable skills development among undergraduates. Learners registered in the University of Sindh showed relatively higher levels of transferable skills compared to students enrolled in GC University Hyderabad and Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur. Students belonging to Education programs also exhibited greater transferable skills than learners in Natural Sciences, Arts, Commerce, Social Sciences, and Computer‑related disciplines, highlighting the importance of pedagogical orientation and curriculum design. Year‑wise academic progress further revealed that sophomores reported superior transferable skill sets compared to freshmen, juniors, and seniors. Additionally, out‑of‑campus learners displayed a greater extent of transferable skills than hostel residents. For policy implications, universities should set national benchmarks and initiate targeted interventions to ensure continuous skill advancement.
Transitivity and the Construction of Skepticism in Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star by John Donne
The study analyzes transitivity choices in John Donne's poem “Song: Goe, and Catche a Falling Star” to show how grammatical structure is utilized in building the poem's theme of skepticism and disillusionment. While the poem is generally interpreted in terms of its witty imagery and sarcastic tone, this research discusses how the different sense is created at the clause level through the distribution of process types, participants, and circumstances. Based on Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2014) system of transitivity and adopting a qualitative approach, this research uncovers how language choices contribute to meaning in literature. The analysis reveals that material processes are salient in the initial stanzas with connotations of purposeful action but are ironically paired with impossible tasks, thereby eliminating the possibility of meaningful achievement. In contrast to this, the final stanza resorts to relational processes, which give existence judgments, such as the non-existence of faithful women. Verbal and mental processes similarly signal the failure of the speaker to understand or communicate truth. The participants are rather abstract and generic which ensures the universality of the speaker's disillusionment. Circumstances exaggerate time, space, and extent for the purpose of heightening futility. The study shows that Donne's skeptical view of the universe is expressed not only thematically but also lexically, highlighting the role of a transitivity in literary works.
Impact of the Lingokids AI-Based Intervention on Classroom Engagement, Social Interaction, and School Attendance of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
The article analyzed the effect of the Lingokids AI-based intervention on social interaction, classroom engagement, and attendance of a student with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A multiple-baseline across-behaviors single-subject experimental design (SSED) was used. One student with ASD was selected using a purposive sampling method. The assessment was done using the Structured Observation-based Rating Scale of School Participation in the baseline, intervention, and maintenance. Data analysis was done using visual analysis and Tau-U effect size. Findings showed definite improvements across all areas. The levels of classroom engagement were raised at the baseline (12) and maintained at the maximum level (4). Social interaction increased to the higher levels (3.3-4) as compared to the baseline (1-2). There was an immediate improvement in attendance and punctuality between 1 and 4. The analysis of effect size showed that baseline to intervention effects were very large (Tau-U = 0.95-1.00, p <.001) and moderate maintenance effects. The single-subject design restricts generalization. It needs more studies with more extensive samples and a longer period. The results indicate the use of AI-based applications to improve the engagement and participation of students with ASD in classrooms. The research gives empirical data about the success of Lingokids in enhancing various areas of school involvement in a natural classroom setting.
Disciplinary Frameworks and Behavioural Outcomes in Secondary Education: Evidence from Taxila, Rawalpindi
Discipline is a vital aspect of human nature, reflecting one’s personality and acting as a major agent for success. This paper examines the function of discipline in education and its relation to behaviour formation among secondary students in Taxila, Rawalpindi. The research was conducted through a descriptive cross-sectional survey. The sample consisted of 698 students from classes 9 and 10 and 157 teachers of government girls’ secondary schools of Taxila, Rawalpindi. From these, 120 teachers and 240 students were selected through simple random sampling. Two questionnaires on a five‑point Likert scale were developed: one for teachers with 10 items on discipline, and one for students with 25 items on behaviour types including caring, kindness, loyalty, friendship, and politeness. The tools were checked by experts and pilot-tested, showing good reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.79). Statistical techniques used for data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean scores, and Pearson correlation. All teachers agreed that discipline plays a crucial role: 100% stated that discipline creates a learning environment (M=4.75) and forms the foundation of student success (M=4.87). Majorities also agreed that disciplined students are strong individuals (83%, M=4.42), discipline results in social development (84%, M=4.42), disciplined students are punctual (91%, M=4.68), discipline builds positive attitudes (92%, M=4.68), imparts confidence (86%, M=4.45), enhances focus (85%, M=4.45), leads to self-control (87%, M=4.49), and improves academic performance (91%, M=4.58). Students showed positive behaviours in caring, kindness, loyalty, friendship, and politeness. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between discipline and all behaviour types.
Perceived Role of Homework in Fostering Study Habits Among Primary School Students in Wah Cantt, Rawalpindi, Punjab
More homework should not necessarily equate less learning, as it is the skill development that matters. However, the rapid increase in homework volume over the years has led to misunderstandings about the effectiveness of homework and students' study habits. Studies worldwide have shown that study habits and homework are related, but research in Wah Cantt, Rawalpindi, Punjab has been scarce. The present research aimed to find out whether homework has a part in nurturing study habits of primary school pupils in Wah Cantt, Rawalpindi, Punjab. Primary students' academic behaviors, time management, note-making practices, and learning attitudes were examined to determine the impact of homework. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey design with a quantitative approach was used. The target population was primary school students in Wah Cantt, Rawalpindi, Punjab. Through simple random sampling, 255 students were selected. A questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale (1=Strongly Disagree to 5=Strongly Agree) was developed, covering general study habits, note-making habits, time management, guidance and consultation, and homework effectiveness. The tool was validated by three educational experts and pilot-tested, showing good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.79). Frequencies, percentages, and mean scores were used for data analysis. Results showed that 95% of students agreed they cannot study without hard work (M=4.76); 92% agreed they listen carefully during note-taking (M=4.12); 89% agreed they prepare and read notes (M=4.69); 92% agreed teacher guidance improves reading habits due to homework (M=4.12); and 89% agreed they have specific timetables (M=4.69). The study concludes homework plays a significantly positive role in developing study habits.
Poverty Mitigation, Digital Technology, and Foreign Direct Investment: ARDL Based Evidence from Pakistan
This research investigates the effect of digital technology on poverty lessening in Pakistan from 1990 to 2022. The poverty headcount ratio is incorporated as the dependent variable, and the analysis integrates digital technology, GDP per capita, labor force participation, inflation, external debt, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) being key explanatory variables. The study uses the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and bounds testing approach(s) to examine long-run and short-run relationships. Long-run estimates disclose that digital technology and GDP per capita significantly decrease poverty. The findings propose that digital technology serve as an operative tool for poverty mitigation in Pakistan when supported by prudent management of debt, comprehensive growth policies, and macroeconomic stability.
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law IHL) in U.S.–Israel Military Operations
This study examines compliance with International Humanitarian Law IHL in U.S.–Israel military operations, focusing on principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution. Using doctrinal and analytical research methods, it evaluates legal frameworks, state practice, and reported conduct in recent conflicts. The findings indicate partial adherence alongside credible allegations of violations, highlighting gaps between legal obligations and operational realities, and underscoring challenges in accountability and enforcement mechanisms. This research article examines the extent of compliance with IHL in military operations involving the United States and Israel, particularly in the context of recent conflicts in Gaza and the broader Middle East. It evaluates key legal principles such as distinction, proportionality, and precaution, and analyses allegations of violations, the role of U.S. military assistance, and mechanisms of accountability. The study argues that while both states formally commit to IHL norms, significant concerns persist regarding their practical implementation, enforcement, and the politicization of compliance assessments.
Psychosocial Factors Leads to Vape Addiction In Young Adult
In todays rapidly changing world, the use of E-Cigrates has been increasing in young and adults in Pakistan. This study reveals that how young adults is and how they perceive it. The objective typically involves exploring the psychosocial factors that leads people to Vape and the mindset of people that encourage them to use vaping devices. The study has used Qualitative research design by taking one-on-one interviews, which involves 6 participants that consist of only males. Purposive sampling and thematic analysis were used to have a better understanding of what are the psychosocial factors that leads young adults to vape. The interview was taken by 60 to 90 minutes. The sample size was 6 males which are under 15 to 25 years of age. Those people who are unmarried and falls under this age was population sample. "Nicotine needs were fulfilled by other source which falls in addictive behavior. Peer pressure also influences vaping behavior, while environmental factors like acceptance in workplaces or offices promote its use. Additionally, lack of self-control, often due to the easy availability of vape devices, contributes to vaping. Brainstorming, or mind activity, helps keep oneself busy and facilitates content writing or productivity during working hours, stimulating thinking. Curiosity, or taking an interest in vaping skills or actions, can lead to vaping, often driven by social media content." Girls should be included to understand the perspective of females regarding vape behavior. This can be helpful for have a better generalization of population. Should spent more time on interviews to gather more and authentic information.
Shariah Supervisory Board Diversity, Sustainability Disclosure, and Bank Performance: Evidence from Pakistan
This paper examines the relationship between sustainability disclosure and the performance of Pakistani Islamic banks, focusing on whether the diversity of the Shariah Supervisory Board (SSB) improves this relationship. The increasing relevance of sustainability transparency in the banking industry and the specific role of Shariah governance in Islamic financial institutions drive the theoretical framework used in the research, combining stakeholder theory and the resource-based view. The authors suggest that sustainability disclosure complements legitimacy, addresses information asymmetry, and enhances stakeholder trust, while SSB diversity serves as an intangible governance ability that can enhance the strategic advantages of disclosure. The paper employs a Sustainability Disclosure Index that encompasses general, economic, environmental, and social dimensions, alongside a composite SSB Diversity Index that incorporates demographic, educational, and professional heterogeneity, utilizing longitudinal panel data of Islamic banks in Pakistan from 2005 to 2024. The primary measure of financial performance is the return on assets (ROA), with the Tobin Q used as a strength check. The results indicate that sustainability disclosure positively impacts bank performance, SSB diversity positively influences performance, and the interaction between the two variables is positive, suggesting greater benefits for banks with more diverse SSBs. The paper combines sustainability disclosure, Shariah governance, and performance under a single framework and provides empirical evidence from Pakistan, a significantly sized but under-researched market in Islamic banking. The results have implications for policymakers, particularly the State Bank of Pakistan, and Islamic bank board managers, who must align governance quality, sustainability credibility, and financial performance.
Does Modernization Drive Change in the Family Institution? Urbanization's Impact on Evolving Social Structure: A Quantitative Study
In the context of modernization, especially with reference to urbanization, the family institution is transforming from traditional joint to nuclear structures through the reshaping of multifaceted aspects of the family institution. This quantitative study examines whether modernization, particularly through urbanization, drives changes in the family institution within Pakhtun social structures in District Swat. The data from 250 respondents were collected via a questionnaire. The data analysis was carried out via SPSS, including univariate frequency distributions, agreement indices (AI), descriptive statistics, bivariate chi-square tests, multivariate controls, and Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.715–0.86) for reliability. Findings reveal that 67.2% of respondents reside rurally, yet modernization impacts are evident: 82.8% agree nuclear families outperform joint ones (AI = 1.148); family sizes are declining (72.4% agree, AI = 0.912); women's decision-making empowerment is rising (74.4% agree, AI = 0.86); and individualism/materialism is growing (85.2% agree, AI = 1.264). Bivariate analysis shows significant positive associations between urbanization indicators and high institutional shifts (χ² = 29.847–37.267, p < .001; Gamma = 0.263–0.411). Multivariate controls for family type confirm stronger effects in nuclear families (χ² = 17.271, p < .001) than in joint families (χ² = 28.635, p < .001), with overall AI = 0.89, affirming modernization's influence. Results support modernization theory, highlighting urbanization's role in evolving family norms amid cultural resilience.
Development and Factorial Validation of a Time Management Scale for Students
Time management is a very important factor that predicts a student’s academic success and overall mental health, thus an effective system for managing time is critical to a student being successful. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an instrument to assess the time management behaviors of university students in Pakistan. To achieve this goal, two phases were conducted. The first phase involved generating an item pool by deductive reasoning, having experts review the items and the modifications were made accordingly. The second phase consisted of a cross-sectional study using a sample of university students (340) to collect data for factor analysis (exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure was (.80) and the results of a Bartlett’s test of sphericity were significant, thus indicating that the sample was adequate to conduct a factor analysis. After EFA four factors were retained. Later on, CFA demonstrated strong fit indices (GFI=951, CFI =951, TLI=916) for the four-factor model that were labeled as: Goal Setting, Prioritization, Time Estimation, and Planning. Overall, results indicate that the TMS appears to be a reliable and valid measure that can be used for assessing time management behaviors in academic settings.
Who Deserves Full Membership? Prospective Teachers' Constructions of Citizenship, Personhood, and Disability in Punjab's Initial Teacher Education
This qualitative research study explores pre-service teachers’ conceptions of citizenship, personhood, and disability in the context of pre-service teacher education in Punjab, Pakistan. Telephonic interviews were conducted with 12 pre-service teachers pursuing teacher-training in Punjab using the semi-structured life-world interview protocol. TurboScribe was used to perform the translation and transcription, and the subsequent analysis was done in NVivo 15 in the form of meaning condensation and thematic coding. The findings provided three themes: (1) conditional citizenship expressed in the form of deficit discourse; (2) disputed personhood expressed in terms of normative expectations; and (3) pedagogical ambivalence expressed in connection with inclusive education. Most pre-service teachers' dominant themes explained disabled students as objects of care, but not as rights-bearing citizens, thus placing the disability beyond the frame of full community membership. The research thus explains why teacher education reproduces the exclusionary ideas of citizenship, thus urging the high-stakes necessity of transformational pedagogical interventions that acknowledge the personhood and democratic participation of disabled students.
Family Functioning, Emotional Intelligence and Suicidal Tendencies among Adolescents
The current study was planned with the aim to measure the relationship among family functioning, emotional intelligence and suicidal tendencies in adolescents by using a cross sectional survey research design. Through multi-stage stratified sampling, a sample of 1000 adolescents’ age ranging from 13–19 years was recruited from schools and colleges of Gujrat, Pakistan. The General Functioning of Family Scale was used to collect data on general functioning (Kareem et al., 2022), the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale was employed to collect data on emotional intelligence (Zahra et al., 2024), and the Suicidal Tendencies Scale(Kausar & Fatima 2024) was used to collect data on suicide tendencies. Analysis of Pearson correlation showed significant negative relationships among suicidal tendencies, family functioning (r = −0.431, p < 0.01) and emotional intelligence (r = −0.209, p < 0.01). ANOVA and t -test results showed significant differences in emotional intelligence of adolescents (F = 39.29, p = 0.001) in relation to the maternal education. Further, the females had higher emotional intelligence as compared to the males (p = 0.002). Conversely, the gender and a family structure (nuclear & joint) did not have a significant influence on suicidal tendencies. The findings highlight the importance of the systemic interventions, implying that the enhancement of the family cohesion and incorporation of the emotional literacy programs into the educational curriculums are key measures in preventing suicide among the adolescents.